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D ?YY5      Title:Microglial reactions after subcutaneous formalin injection into the rat hind paw Author(s): HYPERLINK "http://wos15.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=Z2BpEl7c9GkG4GojDN9&Func=OneClickSearch&field=AU&val=Fu+KY&curr_doc=53/1&Form=FullRecordPage&doc=53/1" \o "one-click search" Fu KY,  HYPERLINK "http://wos15.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=Z2BpEl7c9GkG4GojDN9&Func=OneClickSearch&field=AU&val=Light+AR&curr_doc=53/1&Form=FullRecordPage&doc=53/1" \o "one-click search" Light AR,  HYPERLINK "http://wos15.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=Z2BpEl7c9GkG4GojDN9&Func=OneClickSearch&field=AU&val=Matsushima+GK&curr_doc=53/1&Form=FullRecordPage&doc=53/1" \o "one-click search" Matsushima GK,  HYPERLINK "http://wos15.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=Z2BpEl7c9GkG4GojDN9&Func=OneClickSearch&field=AU&val=Maixner+W&curr_doc=53/1&Form=FullRecordPage&doc=53/1" \o "one-click search" Maixner W Source:BRAIN RESEARCH 825 (1-2): 59-67 APR 17 1999 Document Type:Article Language:English  HYPERLINK "http://wos15.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=Z2BpEl7c9GkG4GojDN9&Func=PagedCitedRefList&UT=000079954500006&doc=53/1&rec_id=109844624" Cited References: 50  HYPERLINK "http://wos15.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=Z2BpEl7c9GkG4GojDN9&Func=DispCitingRec&doc=53/1&isickref=109844624" Times Cited: 32  HYPERLINK "http://wos15.isiknowledge.com/CIW.cgi?SID=Z2BpEl7c9GkG4GojDN9&Func=EasyRelated&UT=000079954500006&doc=53/1&rec_id=109844624"  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://images.isiknowledge.com/WoK3/Images/relrec.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  HYPERLINK ""  INCLUDEPICTURE "http://images.isiknowledge.com/WoK3/Images/info.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET  Abstract:Microglia in primary afferent projection territories are activated and proliferate after peripheral nerve injury. However, it is not known whether stimulation of peripheral nerves by noxious stimuli applied to their receptive fields activates microglial cells in the spinal cord. This study was designed to investigate the response of microglia in the lumbar spinal cord and in the brainstem to a tonic noxious stimulus. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats received subcutaneous injections of 5% formalin (50 mu l) into the plantar surface of the right hind paw, and 24 rats were injected with 50 mu l saline as a control. The lumbar spinal cord and brainstem were evaluated for immunoreactivity (IR) to complement receptor C3bi (monoclonal antibody OX-42) and major histocompatibility complex class LI (monoclonal antibody OX-6) on postinjection hours 0, 2, 4 and 8 and days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28. A qualitative and quantitative increase of OX-42-IR microglial cells were observed in the medial portion of the dorsal horn and in the gracile nucleus of the brainstem on the side ipsilateral to the formalin injection, starting on days 1-3 and peaking on day 7 postinjection. OX-6-positive cells were scattered both in gray and white matter, but no difference was detected between the two sides of the spinal cord or between formalin-injected and control animals. This is the first study that reports that subcutaneous injection of formalin into the rat's hind paw induces microglial activation in the spinal cord as well as in the brainstem. Although we have not determined whether these responses result from nociceptor activity, peripheral inflammation, or degeneration of primary afferents and/or central neurons, this method provides a simple, effective and stable animal model that will permit the future study of the mechanisms that contribute to microglial activation and its pathophysiological consequences. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Author Keywords:microglia; OX-42; OX-6; spinal cord; gracile nucleus; formalin; rat KeyWords Plus:CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; FACTOR MESSENGER-RNA; SPINAL-CORD; GROWTH-FACTOR; NITRIC-OXIDE; SCIATIC-NERVE; GLIAL-CELLS; SUBSTANCE-P; ULTRASTRUCTURAL-CHANGES Addresses:Maixner W (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Dent, Dent Res Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA Univ N Carolina, Sch Dent, Dent Res Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA Univ N Carolina, Dept Cell & Mol Physiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA Univ N Carolina, Ctr Neurosci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA Univ N Carolina, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Program Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA Beijing Med Univ, Sch Stomatol, Beijing, 100083 Peoples R China Publisher:ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS Subject Category:NEUROSCIENCES IDS Number:190GM ISSN:0006-8993 WYcde    ! 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